Highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, has killed or caused the culling of hundreds of millions of poultry globally in recent years, most of them laying hens, which sent egg prices rocketing in some countries.

Research in the laboratory of Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) early last year had already shown that two vaccines against bird flu, produced by France’s Ceva Animal Health and Germany’s Boehringer Ingelheim, were effective against the virus but there had been no experiment on a farm.

“In September 2023, 1,800 day-old chicks were vaccinated against bird flu. The results show that the two tested vaccines are effective against infection with the virus eight weeks after vaccination,” the Dutch agriculture ministry said in a statement.

“The fact that the vaccines work in practice is a very important step towards the large-scale vaccination of poultry against the bird flu virus,” it said.

Bird flu is raising mounting concerns as the disease is increasingly spreading to mammals, with the first-ever outbreaks detected in dairy cows in the United States raising concerns about it spreading to humans through the nation’s milk supply.

The tests were carried out at two laying farms by Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Royal GD (Animal Health Service) and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Utrecht University, the ministry said.

More transmission trials will be conducted over the next year and a half to assess the vaccines’ effectiveness during the entire laying period, the Dutch ministry said.

Australia last week reported its first case of avian influenza in a child who had become infected in India, while a different highly infectious strain was found on an egg farm.

“The government intends to make large-scale vaccination possible responsibly, taking into account animal and public health, as well as animal welfare. Also to minimize any unfavorable effects of the vaccination on trade. That is why a step-by-step approach was chosen,” it said.

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France has been among the countries worst affected by an unprecedented global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza that has disrupted supply of poultry and eggs and sent prices rocketing in many parts of the world in the past years.

To fight the spread of the disease it started vaccinating 64 million ducks early this month, making it the first poultry exporter to do so and raising hope among foie gras producers that it would put an end to the crisis.

Producer group Cifog forecast foie gras output will rise 20 per cent in 2023 to 9,855 metric tonnes after a drop of 35 per cent in 2022, but still 26 per cent below the average of the five previous years and half the volume produced 10 years earlier.

Higher production costs, including part of vaccination, will lead to another rise in foie gras prices, pegged at five per cent this year, it said.

On the export front, France’s bird flu vaccination campaign prompted several countries to impose a ban on French poultry imports, including Japan, France’s main foie gras export market outside Europe with a share of 10 per cent in value.

Canada and the U.S. also imposed bans, Cifog added.

Although more and more governments have been looking at vaccination as a way to contain the virus, most of the world’s biggest poultry producers have resisted vaccination due to concerns it could mask the spread of bird flu and prompt trade bans.

— Sybille de La Hamaide is a Reuters commodities correspondent in Paris.

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That’s why researchers with the University of Saskatchewan have completed a trial project that may set the stage for more effective treatment.

Results from the recent study, started by now-retired researcher Philip Griebel, suggest that dropping an experimental vaccine vector right into the eyes of two-month-old calves can be safe, effective and create an immune response.

“The commercial vaccines that are on the market are parenteral, which means you have to inject the animals subcutaneously or intramuscularly,” said Paola Elizalde Ruiz, one of the researchers committed to the project.

Canadian pink eye statistics are difficult to find, but in the U.S., it affects an estimated 10 million cows per year, with a total annual cost of US$150 million. Properly named infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), pink eye can hit hard at calf gains and greatly increase labour costs.

“Most calves are out in pasture,” said Elizalde. “And then, if you have an IBK outbreak, you have to bring those calves in and treat them with antibiotics.”

The average pre-weaned calf infected with IBK loses around 17 pounds and usually more if both eyes are infected.

“Some animals end up with scars, and that’s also a problem because when you want to sell the animal, you’ll get less,” the researcher noted.

Then there is the cost and limited scope of treatment. Cattle producers have few options to combat pink eye when cows start to show symptoms like lacrimation (heavy tearing) or continual blinking.

“I’ve seen some people use parenteral antibiotics or, in other cases, they put on eye patches containing local antibiotics,” said Elizalde. She put the investment cost for a round of IBK treatment at $100 per head.

Limited toolbox

Management is even trickier when it comes to prevention. First, producers face the almost impossible task of avoiding co-factors such as flies and UV light.

When it comes to vaccination, the standard control in Canada protects against Moraxella bovis (M. bovis) bacteria. American producers are also able to use vaccines containing Moraxella bovoculi antigens. M. bovoculi was linked to IBK in 2002.

M. bovis is commensal, which is defined by sciencedirect.com as an organism that eats food supplied by a host without causing harm to it. With co-factors such as UV light and flies, IBK can result.

Research conducted over the past six years does not bode well for the effectiveness of either M. bovis or M. bovoculi vaccine when administered by parenteral injection. Field trials in the U.S. and Australia have reported no difference in the incidence of pink eye between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals.

Experimentation with intranasal vaccination has also failed to impress, said Elizalde.

“They decrease the severity of the disease, but really do not decrease the incidence. So, we wanted to go one step more and that’s why we decided to make an experimental ocular vaccine capable of inducing a protective immune response in young animals.”

The problem with parenteral immunization is that the vaccine doesn’t reach the mucosal surfaces where there could be an immune response, said another university researcher, Suresh Tikoo.

“The antibodies produced when you are doing parenteral immunization are what we usually call IgG type. They do not cross and reach to the mucosal surfaces like the eyes or the face,” he said.

“We need a vaccine that targets the production of IgA, which is the most abundant antibody in the mucosal surface.”

To ensure the safety of vaccine in calves’ eyes, the researchers used it with a viral vector (bovine adenovirus type three, or BAdV-3) that they knew wouldn’t cause harm. Ultimately, the team confirmed that the method created an immune response in the eyes of test calves.

“When we put a drop of BAdV-3 expressing that test antigen, it produces a significant amount of mucosal immune response,” Tikoo said.

Further steps

The next stage of the project will involve testing the method with a commercially available pink eye vaccine.

“We’ll be using an actual vaccine against Moraxella using BAdV-3 as a delivery system directly to the eye,” said Tikoo.

It will likely be several years before a vaccine designed for the method becomes available to producers. That eventual commercial release will also require a mental shift for the farmer, Elizalde noted.

“Delivering a drop on the eye of cattle could sound difficult,” she said, especially when producers are already comfortable with delivering injectable vaccines. In this case, however, those comfortable methods are not working.

“This is an expensive disease and it’s very painful for animals. What we have now are measures of control like fly controls or vaccinations, but [pink eye] hasn’t been eradicated,” she said.

The project was made possible with support from the University of Saskatchewan, the Beef Cattle Research Council, the Province of Saskatchewan through its Agriculture Development Fund and the federal government through the NSERC Sustainable agriculture research initiative.

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However, no decision to vaccinate has yet been made, Rosemary Sifford, who is also deputy administrator of the veterinary services program at the Department of Agriculture (USDA), told Reuters at the general session of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) in Paris.

The conference has been focusing on highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly called bird flu.

The severity of the current outbreak of bird flu has led some governments to reconsider vaccinating poultry, but others such as the United States have been remain reluctant, citing trade curbs this would entail.

“Any vaccination strategy would need to be a very focused strategy… I would certainly not expect to do a widespread vaccination if we were to choose that path,” Sifford said.

“We would be looking at a very specific targeted potentially geographic- and species-oriented that maybe focus on certain turkeys in a certain area. These are the country scenarios that we have been talking through,” she added.

Regionalization and compartmentalization per farms or species are allowed under WOAH rules and often reduce the risk of having country-wide trade barriers.

Turkey meat is expected to account for about 10 per cent of total U.S. poultry production in 2023 and exports are expected to account for about seven per cent of total turkey production, USDA data showed. In contrast, exports of chicken meat are estimated at about 16 per cent.

Sifford sees “no positive impact” in vaccinating chickens since they have a short lifespan.

“For us, turkeys have been the species most affected in terms of facilities,” she said.

The National Turkey Federation, which represents U.S. farmers and processors, supports the development of a vaccine, its president said.

USDA said in November that more than 70 per cent of commercial poultry farms affected in the 2022 outbreak were turkey farms.

USDA told Reuters on Friday that it continued to research vaccine options against bird flu to “protect poultry from this persistent threat” but still considers biosecurity measures to be the most effective tool for mitigating the virus.

— Sybille de La Hamaide is a Reuters commodities correspondent in Paris; additional reporting by Tom Polansek in Chicago.

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The severity of the current outbreak of avian influenza, commonly called bird flu, and the economic and personal damage it has caused, has led governments to reconsider vaccinating poultry. However, some, like the United States, remain reluctant mainly because of the trade curbs this would entail.

“We are coming out of a COVID crisis where every country realized the hypothesis of a pandemic was real,” WOAH director general Monique Eloit told Reuters in an interview.

“Since almost every country that does international trade has now been infected, maybe it’s time to discuss vaccination, in addition to systematic culling which remains the main tool (to control the disease),” she said.

The Paris-based WOAH is holding a five-day general session from Sunday, and will focus on global control of highly pathogenic avian influenza, or HPAI.

A WOAH survey showed only 25 per cent of its member states would accept imports of products from poultry vaccinated against HPAI.

The European Union’s 27 member states agreed last year to implement a bird flu vaccine strategy.

France, which spent about one billion euros (C$1.46 billion) in 2021-22 to compensate the poultry industry for massive cullings, is set to be the first EU country to begin a vaccination programme, starting with ducks.

“It is our responsibility to use other tools that are now available such as vaccination. And this, for animal health, for public health but also to respond to societal challenges,” French Agriculture Minister Marc Fesneau said at the launch of the WOAH General Session.

Eloit said the EU move toward vaccination could prompt others to follow.

“If a bloc like the EU, which is a large exporter, starts moving in that direction, it will have a ricochet impact,” Eloit said.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) told Reuters on Friday that “in the interest of leaving no stone unturned in the fight against HPAI, USDA continues to research vaccine options that can protect poultry from this persistent threat”.

However, it still considers biosecurity measures to be the most effective tool for mitigating the virus in commercial flocks, it said in emailed answers.

The risk to humans from bird flu remains low but countries must prepare for any change in the status quo, the World Health Organization has said.

Eloit said vaccination should focus on free-range poultry, mainly ducks, since bird flu is transmitted by infected migrating wild birds. Vaccinating broilers, which account for about 60 per cent of global poultry output, makes less sense, she said.

The H5N1 strain that has been prevalent in the current HPAI outbreak has been detected in a larger number of mammals and killed thousands of them, including sea lions, foxes, otters and cats.

— Reporting for Reuters by Sybille de La Hamaide; additional reporting by Leah Douglas in Washington.

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The trials, conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Research Service, are the first step in a lengthy process toward the possible first use of vaccines to protect U.S. poultry from the lethal virus.

Bird flu, also known as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), has killed hundreds of millions of birds around the world, raising interest in vaccines. The virus is largely spread by wild birds that transmit it to poultry.

USDA is testing one vaccine from Zoetis, one from Merck Animal Health and two developed by the department’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS).

Zoetis said it previously supplied its vaccine to a USDA stockpile in 2016, following a massive 2015 outbreak, but it was never used.

Initial data from a study using a single dose of a vaccine are expected in May, while results from studies on two-dose vaccine regimens are expected in June, USDA said.

If the trials are successful and USDA decides to continue development, it would take at least 18-24 months for a vaccine that matches the current virus to be commercially available, the agency said.

The government needs to ensure vaccinations would not disrupt trading with major buyers, said Greg Tyler, president of the industry group USA Poultry + Egg Export Council.

Governments have previously focused on culling infected flocks to control the virus due to concerns importers would block shipments of vaccinated poultry to avoid the risk of infections.

USDA said on Friday its “current strategy of stamping out and eradicating HPAI… continues to be the most effective strategy because it works.”

Outbreaks in U.S. commercial and backyard poultry flocks have led to the deaths or culls of an estimated 58.65 million birds across 47 states since the high-path virus’ current run through the U.S. began in early 2022.

In Canada, as of Tuesday, an estimated 7.3 million commercial and backyard birds have been similarly impacted by the virus since late 2021.

France said last week it was launching an order for 80 million doses of vaccines to use in ducks in the autumn if final trial results are positive, the first EU member to start such a plan.

— Tom Polansek reports on agriculture and ag commodities for Reuters from Chicago. Includes files from Glacier FarmMedia Network staff.

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Advancements in technology, vaccines, reproductive technologies, nutrition, handling, production genetics and animal welfare are abundant. I think most of these changes have been positive and, above all, those behind them have considered that wide-scale adoption requires changes to be practical, easy to implement, cost-effective and effective overall.

It is a high bar but even a minor change in morbidity, weight gain or improvement in animal welfare can make huge strides in consumer acceptance, profitability and the immeasurable feel-good factor that happens with good cattle production.

Although a huge investment, I recommend a hydraulic chute to help with labour, handling, animal welfare and retention of people if cattle numbers reach 200 to 250 cows. You’ll be able to process when you need to, and not end up with everyone worn out and mad by the end of the day.

A tub and alleyway leading to the chute are necessary, but the chute itself is the key. Once you get one, you will never go back. It is also kinder to your veterinarian and most veterinarians I know will vie for the right to go to your place.

I don’t know why, but the producers with hydraulic chutes became my best customers. We could get a lot more done, and more easily. Cattle are held tighter, treatments and vaccinations are given quicker and bull evaluations are much easier to do. There is no stress on the producer, the veterinarian and, most importantly, the bull.

Another positive change is new taggers that have a smaller jaw and more leveraged handles. They are easier to use for those with smaller hands, and with more women in animal health and cattle production, this is important. You can also get OB gloves with small hands and this makes it easier for calving, palpation and AI. There is nothing more frustrating than using a glove that is too large for your hand.

I know pharmaceutical companies are always coming up with new vaccines but with more vaccinations now getting combined and more new technology on the intranasal front, these may have more of a place, especially with young calves.

I think some who are longer in the tooth shy away from intranasal vaccines because we remember the old days of giving IBR to cows to prevent abortions. Young cattle are inquisitive, which makes intranasal vaccines easier to administer and, of course, neck restraints on head chutes make application on mature animals much easier too.

Intranasal vaccines also bypass the blocking effect of colostrum that occurs when we use injectable vaccines. If vaccinating, try to use the smallest gauge and shortest needle to properly complete the task. There is lots of information on proper needle sizes.

Vaccinations are a huge part of biosecurity on our farms and ranches, so we should welcome research and vaccine technology that helps prevent disease.

Companies and researchers are beginning to tackle vaccines for the more difficult diseases, such as mycoplasma, Johne’s disease in cattle and malignant catarrhal fever in bison.

We are always talking about herd immunity, so we strive to get the efficacy to 80 per cent or more. Some vaccines, like the clostridials, are closer to 100 per cent so it blows my mind when I see vaccination rates as low as 60 per cent.

I have heard many reasons given for this, but it runs counter to the advice constantly given by veterinarians. When buying cattle, always ask about the vaccination status.

When it comes to vaccination, we should all have a list of required vaccines and then fit the timing as best we can into our management stream.

Take advantage when putting cattle through the chute for other procedures. Always ask yourself, ‘Is there something I need to vaccinate for?’ And don’t forget about the bulls.

Some producers need better handling facilities and mobile processing crews may be the answer.

We must also remember proper handling and storage of vaccines. You pay good money for vaccines, so look after storage, handling and administration. Mix modified live vaccine as you need it so you use it within an hour. Don’t administer vaccines too close together and don’t mix up the syringes.

Trust that these vaccines will work, but just like our COVID vaccines, they may reduce severity of the disease but won’t work 100 per cent of the time.

Let’s encourage other producers to vaccinate and keep the herd healthy by reducing disease incidence. The low adoption rates in the cow-calf sector still surprise me. Raising the adoption rate will benefit everyone, from the cow-calf sector (both commercial and purebred) to the backgrounders and feedlots. Let’s work together to make this happen.

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The groups have been asking for a vaccine bank for years and in a recent letter, the chairs of Alberta’s cattle, cattle feeders, pork, sheep and goat associations “implored” the provincial agriculture minister to do what he can to get the federal government to act.

The five organizations want Ottawa to spend $3.2 million per year to create a vaccine bank and strengthen its plans for managing a potential outbreak.

The response so far has been disappointing, said Melanie Wowk, chair of Alberta Beef Producers.

“They are stalling and I don’t understand why,” said the Beauvallon-area rancher, who is also a veterinarian. “It is extremely frustrating. I don’t understand the animosity.

“We must be ready for this, from producers to veterinarians to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency as to exactly what’s going to happen if we determine foot-and-mouth has hit.”

[RELATED] Don’t be fooled into thinking a ‘closed herd’ is an excuse for inaction

Her organization has been lobbying for a vaccine bank in Canada for six years.

“Right now, we have a small vaccine bank that we share with other countries,” said Wowk.

The number of available doses is only a fraction of what would be needed in an outbreak, and there are many strains of foot-and-mouth disease that require different vaccines.

While there hasn’t been a case in Canada in six decades, the virus can be carried on shoes, clothing and food — and so could conceivably arrive from an infected country at any time.

The World Organization for Animal Health says the highly contagious viral disease is “endemic” in parts of Asia and most of Africa and the Middle East.

[RELATED] Indonesia’s foot-and-mouth outbreak prompts international measures

If it were to arrive here, other countries would close their borders to Canadian livestock and meat products, just as they did when BSE was discovered in 2003, said Wowk.

“No country is going to import anything from us — live or dead.”

There would be a huge immediate impact and also a long-lasting one, said Canadian Cattle Association president Reg Schellenberg, noting his organization has been asking Ottawa for a similar amount ($4 million annually) to avoid the kind of catastrophe brought on by BSE.

“I remember the day when the (BSE) announcement came and the border was closed to all cattle and beef,” he said.

“At the time we were hoping it would be a very short delay – maybe weeks or months. But the actual impact probably hit our industry for the next 10 years. The impact was billions of dollars.”

Vaccinations key

Although a fragment of the virus can’t spread the disease, the discovery was noted by livestock sectors around the world, including here.

Although not generally fatal, foot-and-mouth disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, goats and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.

“What it does is cause these blister type lesions on the mouth and the feet, and they are extremely painful,” said Wowk. “The animals can’t eat, and they can die typically from dehydration or just not eating. Those that survive tend to have quite chronic conditions — they just never fully recover. But it’s not transmittable to humans.”

[RELATED] The vaccine supply is more fragile than you might think

The 1952 outbreak is believed to have been caused when a German man, who had worked on an infected farm in his homeland, brought a contaminated sausage to a Saskatchewan dairy and tossed it in a pig trough. Thousands of animals were put down, and the outbreak was only contained because of a very cold winter with lots of snow, said Wowk.

“But if you go back and Google some pictures of foot-and-mouth in Saskatchewan in the ‘50s, they just have these horrific pictures of cattle just being euthanized and then burned,” she said.

In addition to stringent border screening, the federal government says it has detailed plans in place should foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) show up here. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency says those plans include quickly identifying all exposed premises, culling exposed and potentially exposed animals, and decontaminating affected farms, feedlots or other facilities to avoid further spread.

“In practice, the scope and details of the response and timelines would depend upon how far FMD has spread before it is detected, the density of livestock in the affected areas, effective biosecurity measures on the farms, and other factors,” the agency said in a statement.

That response must also include wide-scale vaccinations, say Alberta Beef Producers, Alberta Pork, Alberta Lamb Producers, the Alberta Goat Association and the Alberta Cattle Feeders Association.

Vaccination used to be considered a last resort, but its use during outbreaks in Japan and Korea has changed the thinking of experts and “vaccination would now play a central role in any large- or uncontrolled outbreak in Canada,” they wrote in a recent letter to provincial Agriculture Minister Nate Horner.

It’s estimated that 2.5 million doses would be needed but Canada only has access to 330,000 doses from the North American foot-and-mouth vaccine bank, a joint initiative of the U.S., Canada and Mexico, the letter states.

But even that can’t be counted on, said Wowk, who discussed the matter with some of her American counterparts during the recent Canadian Beef Industry Conference.

Those officials told her that Canada needs to “get its house in order” when it comes to preparations for an outbreak.

“They said regarding cross-border cattle crossings, ‘if you guys get foot-and-mouth and don’t have enough vaccine, we’re not going to be happy,’” said Wowk. “You can’t blame them. That was the message they came up to deliver.

“They have quite a bit larger vaccine bank than we do. A lot of people refer to it as the North American vaccine bank (but) they were very clear in saying it is not a North American vaccine bank. It’s a U.S. bank and ‘we are not sharing.’”

‘We implore you’

“We need a plan to actually administer the vaccine in the case of an outbreak,” she said, adding an extensive traceability effort would also be required. “It’s not like none of this is in place. There’s been a lot of work and a lot of plans created in the last 20 years.”

But while the Canadian Food Inspection Agency has been working with the association on the issue, “it’s not their role to lobby” the government to fund a Canadian vaccine bank and more robust planning, said Schellenberg.

“But they can certainly support and represent the industry’s concerns based on their knowledge of what the impact could be and how fast it can spread,” he said. “With transportation of cattle across Canada, it can be in one part of the country today and at the opposite side tomorrow.”

In its statement, the CFIA said that it, the Canadian Cattle Association and Animal Health Canada (an industry-government council) are members of a “working group evaluating the efficacy and feasibility of establishing a Canadian FMD vaccine bank in addition to the shared North American FMD vaccine bank.”

It is time for action, the chairs of the five livestock groups wrote in their letter to Horner, estimating a large-scale foot-and-mouth outbreak would cost the Canadian livestock sector $50 billion to $60 billion in losses.

“On behalf of Alberta’s beef, pork, goat, and lamb industries, we implore you to help secure federal treasury funds, without further delay,” their letter states.

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The requirements were first adopted in November as part of reopening the United States to land crossings by foreign tourists after the borders had been closed to most visitors since March 2020. The vaccination requirements had been set to expire on Thursday unless they were extended.

International air travelers over the age of two, regardless of citizenship, must provide a negative test for the virus before arriving and non-U.S. citizens must also show proof of vaccination. People traveling at land or ferry crossings do not need to provide a negative test.

There are some limited exceptions to the rules, including for those who have recently recovered from COVID-19.

The Homeland Security Department (DHS) said the decision was made after consultation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC says vaccines are the most effective public health measure to protect people from severe COVID-19 related illness or death.

In January, DHS extended vaccination requirements to include previously exempt foreign essential workers such as truck drivers and nurses crossing U.S. land borders.

Michigan Agri-Business Association president Chuck Lippstreu criticized the DHS for “failure to provide common-sense exemptions to this policy for agricultural truck drivers,” and said it “flies in the face of reality on the ground here in Michigan, where our agriculture sector continues facing supply disruptions, increases in cross-border trucking costs and an ongoing driver shortage.”

Major airlines want the government to end COVID-19 pre-departure testing requirements for vaccinated international passengers traveling to the U.S.

They argue testing requirements are unnecessary and deter Americans from traveling abroad because of testing costs and risks they could be stranded abroad if they test positive.

Britain, France, Canada, Italy and many other countries have dropped pre-departure testing requirements for fully vaccinated visitors.

— David Shepardson reports on the U.S. transportation and aviation sectors for Reuters from Washington, D.C.

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The survey is conducted periodically to gauge the level of vaccinations and what producers are vaccinating for. It is part of an “extension initiative to optimize strategic vaccinations in beef cow-calf herds in Western Canada.”

Responses will be kept confidential and participants will be entered into a lottery to win $500.

The Western Canadian Producer Cow-Calf Vaccination Survey, which closes on Dec. 31, can be found here. 

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